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    RYAN SCHNEIDER
Our Children are our future!    


INSTRUCTIONAL FOCUS OBJECTIVE
Identify
MAJOR ERAS AND EVENTS IN U.S. HISTORY THROUGH 1877
Including, but not limited to
• Manifest Destiny
• Westward Expansion
• War With Mexico
• Annexation of Texas
• Gold Rush
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
Including, but not limited to
• Absolute Chronology
• Significant individuals, events & time periods
• Absolute chronology – exact date
• Relative Chronology
• Significant individuals, events & time periods
• Relative chronology – general time period or era
Explain
SIGNIFICANCE OF DATES
Including, but not limited to
• 1803 – Louisiana Purchase (and establishment of judicial review from Marbury v. Madison)
Explain
HOW THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR
ORDERLY EXPANSION OF THE UNITED STATES
Including, but not limited to
• Orderly procedure for establishing territories and applying for statehood
• As a territory grew in population, it gained rights to self government
• To become a state, the following requirements had to be met:
• At least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres
• 60,000 people
• Established self-government
Explain
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL ROOTS OF MANIFEST DESTINY
Including, but not limited to
• Economic
• New land for farmers; new trade routes and markets( Santa Fe Trail) ; new opportunities to start a
business
• Political
• Expansion of our nation’s borders/ territory; expansion of slavery
• Social
• Remove Native Americans; refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)
Analyze
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPT OF MANIFEST DESTINY AND THE WESTWARD GROWTH
OF THE NATION
Including, but not limited to
• The U.S. government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand
westward from sea to sea
Explain
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE UNITED STATES
Including, but not limited to
• Annexation of Texas
• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans.
• Causes
• President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)
• Border Dispute concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas
and disputed by Mexico)
• Effects & Impact
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war, grants the United States the Mexican territory
of New Mexico, Arizona, and California
• United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the
annexation of Texas in 1845
Identify
AREAS THAT WERE ACQUIRED TO FORM THE UNITED STATES
Including, but not limited to
• Louisiana Purchase
• Texas
• Mexican Cession (New Mexico, Arizona, California)
• Gadsden Purchase
• Oregon Territory
• Alaska Purchase (Seward’s Folly)
Locate
PLACES AND REGIONS OF IMPORTANCE IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 17th, 18th, and 19th
CENTURIES
Including, but not limited to:
Sectionalism
• Regions – North, South, Midwest, West, Slave States, and Free States
• States – Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska
• Cities – Washington, D.C
Analyze
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND INFLUENCE ON POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION, SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
DURING THE 17TH, 18TH, AND 19TH CENTURIES
Including, but not limited to:
Manifest Destiny
• Gold in California – rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands;
population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood
• California’s proximity to Pacific Ocean led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations.
• Rocky Mountains’ location between eastern and western parts of the United States; resulted in need
for Gadsden Purchase to put in railroad for train transport of goods from East to West
CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE OF VARIOUS RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS TO OUR
NATIONAL IDENTITY
Including, but not limited to
Immigrants from Europe (ethnic)
• Growth of new and older cities
• New customs and traditions (eg., German – Christmas tree, gymnasium, kindergarten)
Identify
EXAMPLES OF AMERICAN ART, MUSIC, AND LITERATURE THAT REFLECT SOCIETY IN DIFFERENT
ERAS
Including, but not limited to
Manifest Destiny (Era: Westward Expansion)
• Art – "American Progress," by John Gast, 1872
Differentiate, Locate, Use
VALID PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Including, but not limited to:
• Computer software
• Databases
• Media and news services
• Biographies
• Interviews
• Artifacts
STAAR Note:
These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and will be
identified along with content standard
Analyze
INFORMATION
Including, but not limited to:
• Sequencing
• Categorizing
• Identifying cause-and-effect relationships
• Comparing
• Contrasting
• Finding the main idea
• Summarizing
• Making generalizations and predictions
• Drawing inferences and conclusions
STAAR Note:
These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and will be
identified along with content standards
Organize, Interpret
INFORMATION
Including, but not limited to:
• Outlines
• Reports
• Databases
• Visuals
• Graphs
• Charts
• Timelines
• Maps
STAAR Note:
These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and will be
identified along with content standards.
Identify
POINTS OF VIEW
Including, but not limited to:
• From the historical context surrounding an event
• The frame of reference which influenced the participants
STAAR Note:
• These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and will be
identified along with content standards.
Support
POINT OF VIEW
Including, but not limited to:
• On a social studies issue or event
STAAR Note:
• These skills will be incorporated into STAAR test questions from reporting categories 1-4 and will be
identified along with content standards.
Create
THEMATIC
Including, but not limited to:
• Maps representing various aspects of the United States
• Graphs representing various aspects of the United States
• Charts representing various aspects of the United States
• Models representing various aspects of the United States
• Databases representing various aspects of the United States
Use
SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLOGY
Use
STANDARD
Including, but not limited to:
• Grammar
• Spelling
• Sentence structure
• Punctuation
• Proper citation of sources
Transfer
INFORMATION FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER
Including, but not limited to:
• Visual and statistical to written or visual
• Using computer software as appropriate
Create
PRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION
Including, but not limited to:
• Written
• Oral
• Visual





Monday
1/30: Students will be taking the Practice STARR for Language Arts. The remainder periods will be assigned as a study hall. Afternoon classes MUST bring work to keep them busy.




Tuesday
1/31: Students will be attending a presentation over the registering process for the high school during Social Studies classes.




Wednesday
2/1: We will begin the Industrial Revolution Packet

Corresponding Textbook Chapter: 13





Thursday
2/2: We will be continuing our discussion over Industrial Revolution.




Corresponding Textbook Chapters: 13





Friday
2/3: We will be Reviewing current packet
ing Textbook Chapter: 13

Industrial Revolution


Industrial Revolution
• Gradual process by which machines replaced hand tools and steam and other power replaced human and animal power
• Changed the world from a society of farmers to a society of manufacturers

New Technology
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the mid 1700’s
• British inventors developed new machines that transform the textile industry.
• James Hargreaves developed the Spinning Jenny that could spin several threads at once
• In the 1780’s, Edmund Cartwright built a loom powered by water.
• It allowed a worker to produce a great deal more cloth in a day than was ever possible before




Factory System
• Before the factory system, most spinning and weaving took place at home.
• Large machines had to be house in large mills (factories).
• At first most mills were located next to rivers for power
• Rivers powered the water wheels which turned shafts inside the mill which in turn powered the machines that the shafts were connected to.
• The factory system brought workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods
• To set up a mill (factory) required large amounts of Capital (money)
• Capitalists supplied the money.
• The first American mill was built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.



Interchangeable Parts
• Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts, which were identical machine made parts for tools or instruments.


• The idea of interchangeable parts spread rapidly. Investors designed machines to produce interchangeable parts for clocks, locks, and many other goods

Lowell Mills
• Francis Cabot Lowell combined spinning and weaving into one factory
• An entire town was built around the factory system Lowell had installed (Lowell, Mass.)
• To work in the mills the company hired young women
Industrialization and the lives of workers
• As the Factory System spread, more families left home to work in the factories. In the poorer families, women would go out and work while a wealthy woman’s husband could support the entire family.
• Having a wife who stayed home was a sign of success.
• Child Labor: Boys and girls as young as seven worked in the factories
• Long Hours: Workers worked a 12 hour day, six days a week.




• In the early 1800’s American mills were safer than British mills, but as competition grew, factory owners took less interest in the welfare of their workers.

Urbanization
• Factories provided jobs for many Americans, and they moved to where the factories were located. This led to cities springing up around the factories.
• Urbanization is the growth of cities. The movement of the population from farms to the cities. By 1850, 15% of the American population lived in the cities.
• Growing cities had many problems such as overcrowding and poor sanitation.
• Under these conditions, disease spread easily. Epidemics of influenza and cholera raged through cities, killing hundreds.
• Cities had many attractions as well.
• Theatres, museums, circuses, etc. created an air of excitement.
• Shopping was very popular in the cities (ready made clothes, etc.)




Americans Move West
• Settlers began moving westward as early as the 1600’s
• By the mid 1800’s many Americans had migrated west. The original 13 colonies’ population had even declined from this migration

Improved Transportation
• Western routes had well traveled paths such as the Great Wagon Road that went across Pennsylvania.
• The Wilderness Road led through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky
• The National Road was the first road to be built by the federal government.
• It ran from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling in west Virginia, then on further west.
• Settlers used flatboats to travel down the Ohio River.
• Whenever possible, rivers would be used to transport goods to the market




• There were also improved developments in communication across the country. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph system in the United States which transmitted messages through a wire in a series of dots and dashes called “Morse Code”.
• This new way of communication sped up the exchange of information and helped to bring the new West closer to the East.

Steam Transportation
• A new invention for water transportation was the steamboat
• Robert Fulton launched his first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 on the Hudson River. It carried passengers from NYC to Albany and back (300 miles) in just 62 hours. A record at that time
• Fulton’s success ushered in the age of the Steamboat
Canals

• A canal is an artificial waterway that allows boats to cross stretches of land.
• Western farmers needed ways to get their goods to the markets back east.
• The Erie Canal linked the Great Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers.
• Work on the Canal began in 1817 and was finished in 1825.

Erie Canal

• The Erie Canal allowed western farmers to ship their goods to the port of New York, bringing businesses to towns along its route
• The Canal dropped the cost of shipping and helped make New York the center of commerce


Era of Good Feelings
• This was an era that last approximately 8 years during the Presidency of James Monroe. (1817-1825) when the Democratic-Republicans dominated the nations politics
• After the War of 1812, Americans were proud of their growing country.
• Improved transportation allowed for the opening of new lands
• New industries were appearing
• The Bessemer Steel Process allowed for the oxidation and removal of impurities from metals making a much stronger steel and allowing for more steel construction.
• All the technological innovations brought about rapid economic growth.
• In Congress, a new generation of political leaders sought to direct this expansion.
• James Monroe was elected President in 1816.
• Monroe was a Democratic-Republican from Virginia
• Monroe wanted to create a sense of National unity

Three Sectional Leaders
• While conflict between political parties declined, disputes between different sections of the nation sharpened.
• In Congress, three men would play major roles in politics for the next 30 years. Each of the three represented one of the three different regions of the country

John C. Calhoun spoke for the South
• He supported the War of 1812
• He was a firm defender of Slavery
• He opposed any policy that would strengthen the federal government



Daniel Webster spoke for the North
• He opposed the War of 1812
• Wanted the federal government to take a larger role in building the nation’s economy
• He opposed slavery and thought it was evil

Henry Clay spoke for the West
• Was the leader of the War hawks and therefore supported the War of 1812
• Favored a more active role for the federal government in promoting the country’s growth

National Bank
• Despite the nation’s great physical growth and the soaring spirits of its people, the United States’ economy was facing severe problems.
• This was because the charter had run out on the National Bank, and it did not exist, anymore
• The National Bank would lend money and regulate the nation’s money supply
• Even though state banks tried to make up for the loss of the National Bank, they would often put too much money into circulation.
• The National Bank needed to be reinstated

Tariffs
• Tariffs are taxes placed on foreign goods that come into the country
• Tariffs were placed on British and European goods to keep the foreign competition out of the American markets
• The idea behind tariffs is to protect American industry
• After the War of 1812, the British flooded the American market with manufactured goods. The British had a head start in the Industrial Revolution, so they were able to manufacture and sell their products cheaper than the Americans.
• Congress passed the protective tariff to protect the American manufacturers from foreign competition
• Higher tariffs led to angry protests from Southerners because the South bought products cheaply from the British
• Southerners complained that Tariffs made northerners rich at the expense of the South

















Sectionalism
• Sectionalism is loyalty to one’s state or region rather than to the nation as a whole.
• Americans began to identify themselves as Southerners, Northerners, or Westerners.

The American System
• To promote economic growth in all sections of the nation, Henry Clay developed a program called the American System
• The American System called for high tariffs on imported goods which would help the northern factories
• The North would then use the extra money to buy products from the South and West.
• High tariffs would also reduce America’s dependence on foreign goods
• Clay urged Congress to use the money from these tariffs to build improvements in transportation.







New Nations in the Americas
• Spanish Colonies in the Western Hemisphere were wanting their independence from Spain.
• Latin America refers to the Western Hemisphere regions where Latin based languages are spoken. (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese)

Revolution in Latin America
• In 1816 Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador won their Independence
• In 1819, the Republic of Great Colombia won its independence from Spain. The new republic included the present day nations of Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama
• In 1821, the people of Central America declared their independence from Spain. The new nations included Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala
• In 1821, Mexico also wins its independence from Spain
• The Portuguese colony of Brazil won its independence peacefully
• By 1825, Spain had lost all of its colonies in the Western Hemisphere except for Cuba and Puerto Rico

Florida
• Many Americans wanted to gain possession of Florida because of the disturbances across the border
• Creek and Seminole Indians raided settlements in Georgia
• Florida was also a refuge for runaway slaves
• Seminoles had allowed African Americans to live near their villages in exchange for crops.
• Black Seminoles adopted many Indian customs
• In 1818, Andrew Jackson had invaded Florida with 3,000 soldiers to capture Seminole and Creek outposts as well as runaway slaves.
• Spain did not resist because it was busy fighting wars in Latin America

Adams-Onis Treaty
• In the end, Spain agreed to peace talks
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams negotiated a treaty with Spain
• Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars
• The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed in 1819, and took full effect in 1821


United States and Latin America
• Americans were happy for the Latin American countries who had gained their independence
• However, Secretary of State Adams and President Monroe were concerned about European response.
• European countries like Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria seemed ready to try and take back some of the colonies that Spain had lost.
• Russia was also in the mix claiming lands on the Pacific coast of North America.

The Monroe Doctrine
• The British, also concerned wanted to issue a joint statement with the United States, but President Monroe acted on his own.
• The President issued the Monroe Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations, or existing colonies of Europe.
• At the Same time it warns that the United States will not tolerate any further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere.

• It also warns against any attempt to regain lost colonies
• The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed that the United States was determined to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere
• In the early years of the Monroe Doctrine, the United States did not have the military strength to back up the doctrine, but Great Britain who had supported the doctrine helped enforce it with their superior navy.
• As the United States became stronger over the years, it could back up the Monroe Doctrine on its own.
• On several occasions the United States successfully backed up the Doctrine against European challengers
• The Monroe Doctrine shaped American foreign policy for more than 100 years



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