bar graph – a graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data

box-and-whisker plot – an organization of data that shows how far apart and how evenly the data are distributed

circle graph – a round graph that uses pie-shaped sections to show percents or parts of the whole

combination – a selection of a group of items or events from a set without regard to order

compound event – a combination of 2 or more single events

dependent event – two or more events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other events

frequency table – a table listing each value that appears in a data set followed by the number of times is appears

histogram – a graph that uses bars to show frequency of data within equal intervals

independent event – two or more events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event

interval – the distance or space between values; the set of points between two numbers

line graph – a graph in which points are connected by line segments to show changes over time

line plot – a graph using marks above a number line to show the frequency of data

median – the middle number in a set of data, when the data are arranged in order

multiple-bar graph – a bar graph that shows two or more sets of data at once

multiple-line graph – a line graph that shows two or more sets of data at once

odds – the ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes

permutation – an arrangement of a group of things in a particular order

probability – a number used to describe the chance that an event will occur; P = number of favorable outcomes/number of possible outcomes

random – without any pattern or preference

random sample – sample in which every event has an equal chance of selection and each event is chosen by a random process

range – the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data

sample space – the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment

simulation – an activity in which an object or event is represented by something else

stem-and-leaf plot – a display in which the digits with larger place values are named as stems and the digits with small place values are named as leaves

theoretical probability – the likelihood of an event happening based on a theory rather than on experience and observation (that would be experimental probability)

tree diagram – a diagram used to show the total number of possible outcomes in a probability experiment

unbiased sample – a sample that represents an entire population

Venn Diagram – a diagram that uses regions to show relationships between sets of things

cone - a 3-dimensional shape with a circular base, a curved surface, and one vertex

cylinder - a 3-dimensional shape with 2 parallel bases that are congruent circles

edge - the line segment where two faces of a polygon meet

face - a flat surface of a polyhedron

lateral surface area - the surface area of the faces that are not bases of a 3-dimensional figure

net - a two-dimensional model that can be folded to make a sold

plane - a flat surface that extends infinitely in all directions

polyhedron - a solid figure in which all the surfaces or faces are polygons

prism - a 3-dimensional shape with two parallel, congruent bases; all other faces are parallelograms

pyramid - a 3-dimensional shape whose base is a polygon and whose faces are triangles

vertex/vertices - the point(s) where 2 rays meet, where two sides of a polygon meet, or where the edges of a polyhedron meet; the top point of a cone or pyramid

volume - the number of cubic units needed to fill the space occupied by a solid

adjacent angles – angles that share a common ray, have a common vertex, and do not overlap

altitude – the perpendicular distance from the base of a shape to the highest point of the shape

area – the number of square units needed to cover a surface

circumference – the distance around a circle

complementary angles – two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 degrees

congruent – having the same shape and size

diameter – a line segment that passes through the center of a circle and has endpoints on the circle

intersecting lines – two lines that cross at exactly one point

parallelogram – a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel and congruent

perpendicular lines – lines that intersect at one point and form right angles

pi – the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter

polygon – a closed figure made of line segments

quadrilateral – a four-sided polygon

radius – a line segment from the center of a circle to any point on the circle

reflection – a transformation that produces a mirror image of a geometric figure

regular polygon – a polygon in which all sides are the same length and all angles have the same measure

rhombus – a parallelogram whose four sides are congruent and whose opposite angles are congruent

supplementary angles – two angles whose sum equals 180 degrees

transformation – a change in size, shape, or position of a geometric figure

translation – a transformation that moves a geometric figure by sliding each of the points the same distance in the same direction

vertical angles – a pair of opposite congruent angles formed by intersecting lines

acute angle – an angle that measures greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees

acute triangle – a triangle with three acute angles

congruent – having the same size and shape

equilateral triangle – a triangle with three congruent sides

hypotenuse – in a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle

indirect measurement – a method using proportion and similar figures to find a measurement

irrational number – a number that cannot be expressed as a/b where a and b are integers or as a repeating or terminating decimal

isosceles triangle – a triangle with two congruent sides

line segment – a part of a line with two endpoints

obtuse angle – an angle with a measure of more than 90 degrees, but less than 180 degrees

obtuse triangle – a triangle with one obtuse angles

proportion – a mathematical sentence stating that two ratios are equal

Pythagorean Theorem – the square of the hypotenuse (c) of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs (a and b)

radical symbol – the symbol used to represent the square root of a number

real numbers – the set of numbers that includes all rational and all irrational numbers

right angle – an angle with a measure of 90 degrees

right triangle – a triangle with one right angle

scalene triangle – a triangle with no congruent sides

square root – a number that can be multiplied by itself to produce a given number

dependent variable - usually y; the answer that you get when you something into the other variable; output

function – a special relationship in which each “x” value (input) is paired with exactly one “y” value (output). All functions must pass the vertical line test to be sure there is only one y for every x. (Example: {(1,0), (2,2), (3,4), (4,6)} and {(-1,2), (0,2), (1,2), (2,2)} ARE functions, while {(3,0), (3,1), (5,2), (5, 3)} is NOT.)

independent variable - usually x; the number that you plug into the equation; input

inequality – a mathematical sentence that shows the relationship between quantities that are not equal, using <, >, ≤, ≥, or ≠

linear equation – an equation whose graph is a straight line. They can be written in the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. (Example: y = 2x + 2)

line of best fit – a line that best represents the trend that the points in a scatter plot follow

scatter plot – a graph made by plotting points on a coordinate plane to show the relationship between two variables in a set of data

slope – the ratio of the rise (vertical change) to the run (horizontal change). It describes the steepness of a line, or the rate of change.

y-intercept – the y-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y-axis. The value of y, when x is zero.

constant of proportionality - the constant value of the ratio of two proportional quantities x and y; usually written y = kx, where k is the constant of proportionality

cross products - if a/c = b/d, then ad = cd, and if ad = cb, then a/c = b/d

percent - ratio of a number to 100

percent of change - the ratio of the increase or decrease of an amount to the original amount

proportion - a mathematical sentence stating that two ratios are equal (example: 2/6 = 6/18)

rate - a ratio in which two quantities with different units of measurement are compared

ratio - a comparison of two quantities through division

sample - a subset of a population used to represent the whole population

scale - the ratio of the size of a figure on a drawing to the actual size of the figure

scale factor - the common ratios for pairs of corresponding sides of similar figures (the constant of proportionality that you multiply by)

simple interest - the amount of money paid or earned for the use of money (interest = principal x rate x time in years) (principal is the money being borrowed or loaned)

unit rate - a rate with a denominator of one; a rate in decimal form rather than fraction form; uses "per" between the two types of units; how much for one

common denominator - a denominator that is the same in two or more fractions (example: 2/7 and 3/7 have a common denominator of seven)

least common denominator (LCD) - the least common multiple of the denominators of every fraction in a given set of fractions (example: 12 is the LCD of 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4)

least common multiple (LCM)- the smallest number, other than 0, that is a common multiple of two or more numbers (example: The LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.)

mean - the sum of numbers in a set of data divided by the number of pieces of data; the average

median - the middle number in a set of data when the data are arranged in order

mode - one of the values appearing most often in a data set

multiple - the product of a given number and any whole number (example: Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, ...)

rational number - a number that can be written as a/b, where a and b are integers, but b is not equal to 0

reciprocal - one of two numbers whose product is one; multiplicative inverse; "flipped" (examples: 2 and 1/2, 3/5 and 5/3)

repeating decimal - a decimal in which one or more digits repeat indefinitely

terminating decimal - a decimal that has a definite number of digits after the decimal point (in other words, it ends)

unlike denominators - fraction that have different denominators (example: 2/5 and 3/8)

base - a number multiplied by itself the number of times shown by an exponent

composite number - a whole number that has more than two whole-number factors

cubed - raised to the power of 3

exponent - the number of the base is to be multiplied by itself

factor - a number that is multiplied by another number to find a product

factor tree - a diagram showing the prime factorization of a number

greatest common factor (GCF) - the largest factor that two or more numbers have in common

negative exponent - an exponent used to express a number less than 1

power - the number of times the base is to be multiplied by itself; exponent

prime number - a whole number greater than 1 with exactly two factors, 1 and itself

prime factorization - a composite number expressed as the product of its prime factors

scientific notation - a way of writing large or small numbers by using powers of 10

standard form - the usual way of writing numbers
squared - raised to the power of 2

Venn diagram - a diagram that uses regions to show relationships between sets of things

algebraic expression - an expression that contains at least one variable - examples: a + b ; n - 5

area - the number of square units needed to cover a surface

coefficient - a number multiplied by a variable in an algebraic expression such as 6x (6 is the coefficient)

constant - a number that does not vary - example: 3x + 5 (5 is the constant)

equivalent - numbers or expressions that have the same value - Example: 6 x 3 = 9 + 9 or 2/4 - 1/2

formula - an equation that states a fact or rule expressed by symbols - Example A = l x w is the formula for finding the area of a rectangle

inverse operations - operations that "undo" each other, such as addition and subtraction, or multiplication and division

like terms - algebraic terms that contain the exact same variable or combination of variables (exponents must match, too) - Example 3x and 15x are like terms; 3x and 15y are not.

perimeter - the distance around a 2-dimensional figure

sequence - an ordered list of numbers - Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, ...

simplify - to write a fraction or an expression in simplest form - Examples: 6/12 = 1/2 or 5(12+3) = 5(15) = 75

term (of an algebraic expression) - single or clusters of variables, coefficients and constants that are separated by an addition or subtraction sign

term (of a sequence) - one of the numbers in a sequence - Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... 8 is the 4th term in the sequence.

variable - a letter or symbol used to represent a number